Politics of Religious Manipulation in Nigeria: A Marxist Deconstruction

Abstract

The intersection between religion and politics in Nigeria remains a complex and contentious issue, 
deeply rooted in both historical and contemporary contexts. This study critically examines the 
instrumentalisation of religion as a tool for political manipulation, reinforcing Karl Marx's 
assertion that religion serves as the "opium of the masses." Through a qualitative analysis 
incorporating historical inquiry, discourse analysis, and Marxist theory, the paper explores how 
religious affiliations have been weaponised by political elites to capture and consolidate power, suppress opposition, and manipulate public perception. The study traces the historical evolution of religious influence in governance, from pre-colonial theocratic structures to colonial religious impositions and the post-independence fusion of faith with political strategy. It highlights key instances where political actors have used religious narratives to foster division, as seen in electoral campaigns, ethnoreligious conflicts, and policy formulations such as the implementation of Sharia law and the politicization of Almajiri education. While Marx's critique offers a valuable lens for understanding the suppressive use of religion, the paper argues that religion also functions as a force for social justice and resistance against oppression. The findings suggest that the Nigerian elites maintain a "domination pact," wherein religious leaders and politicians collaborate to exploit the masses under the guise of faith. To mitigate the negative consequences of religious manipulation, the paper recommends strengthening secular governance, promoting religious literacy, and encouraging interfaith dialogue, among other measures.